The SWAN view of dense gas in the Whirlpool: A cloud-scale comparison of N2H+, HCO+, HNC, and HCN emission in M51
學年 114
學期 1
出版（發表）日期 2025-10-01
作品名稱 The SWAN view of dense gas in the Whirlpool: A cloud-scale comparison of N2H+, HCO+, HNC, and HCN emission in M51
作品名稱（其他語言）
著者 Sophia K. Stuber; Eva Schinnerer; Antonio Usero; Frank Bigiel; Jakob den Brok; Jerome Pety; Lukas Neumann; María J. Jiménez-Donaire; Jiayi Sun; Miguel Querejeta; Ashley. T. Barnes; Ivana Bešlić; Yixian Cao; Daniel A. Dale; Cosima Eibensteiner; Damian Gleis; Simon C. O. Glover; Kathryn Grasha; Ralf S. Klessen; Daizhong Liu; Sharon Meidt; Hsi-An Pan; Toshiki Saito; Mallory Thorp; Thomas G. Williams
單位
出版者
著錄名稱、卷期、頁數 Astronomy & Astrophysics 702, A66
摘要 Tracing dense molecular gas, the fuel for star formation, is essential for understanding the evolution of molecular clouds and star-formation processes. We compared the emission of HCN (1–0), HNC (1–0), and HCO+(1–0) with the emission of N2H+(1–0) at cloud scales (125 pc) across the central 5 × 7 kpc of the Whirlpool galaxy, M51a, from “Surveying the Whirlpool galaxy at Arcseconds with NOEMA” (SWAN). We find that the integrated intensities of HCN, HNC, and HCO+ are more steeply correlated with N2H+ emission compared to the bulk molecular gas tracer CO, and we find variations in this relation across the center, molecular ring, northern, and southern disk of M51. Compared to HCN and HNC emission, the HCO+ emission follows the N2H+ emission more closely across the environments and physical conditions, such as the surface densities of molecular gas, stellar mass, star-formation rate, dynamical equilibrium pressure, and radius. Under the assumption that N2H+ is a fair tracer of dense gas at these scales, this makes HCO+ a more favorable dense gas tracer than HCN within the inner disk of M51. In all environments within our field of view, even when the central 2 kpc are removed, the ratio HCN/CO, which is commonly used to trace average cloud density, is only weakly dependent on molecular gas mass surface density. While ratios of other dense gas lines to CO show a steeper dependence on the surface density of molecular gas, this relation is still shallow in comparison to other nearby star-forming disk galaxies. One reason might be physical conditions in M51, which are different from other normal star-forming galaxies. Increased ionization rates, increased dynamical equilibrium pressure in the central few kiloparsecs, and the impact of the dwarf companion galaxy NGC 5195 are proposed mechanisms that might enhance HCN and HNC emission over HCO+ and N2H+ emission at larger-scale environments and cloud scales.
關鍵字 ISM: molecules; galaxies: ISM; galaxies: individual: M51
語言 en
ISSN 0004-6361; 1432-0746
期刊性質 國外
收錄於 SCI
產學合作
通訊作者
審稿制度 否
國別 FRA
公開徵稿
出版型式 ,電子版,紙本
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機構典藏連結 ( http://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw:8080/dspace/handle/987654321/129376 )