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摘要
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This article examines how the European Union (EU) engages with East Asian democracies – Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan – in shaping digital governance. Drawing on Héritier and Lehmkuhl's governance modes, it argues that the EU acts less as a rule exporter or orchestrator than as a norm facilitator, enabling forms of regulatory co-ordination, mutual adjustment and selective co-governance without formal authority. The analysis combines official documents, elite interviews and systematic comparison across four cases to show how the EU's digital engagement in East Asia has shifted towards more hybrid and network-based governance arrangements. These arrangements reflect both EU priorities and the growing agency of East Asian partners, who increasingly contribute to digital norm development, regulatory convergence and institutional innovation. The article contributes to debates on EU external governance by showing how digital co-operation in East Asia reveals a recalibrated form of EU actorness, grounded in mutual adaptation, strategic alignment and shared efforts to manage digital transformation in a fracturing and geopolitically contested global order. |