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摘要
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Industrial wastewater is a significant environmental concern due to its diverse range of pollutants, of which fluoride is notably prevalent due to its widespread use in various industries (e.g., aluminum production, semiconductor manufacturing, glass etching, etc.). This chapter provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the recovery and removal of fluoride. We introduced the primary sources of industrial wastewater, emphasizing the industries that contribute the most to fluoride contamination. The core of the chapter delves into the technologies developed for fluoride recovery and removal. These technologies are crucial not only for mitigating environmental pollution but also for addressing the economic need to recover fluoride for reuse. The discussion covers various methods, chemical coagulation, ion exchange, membrane filtration, electrodialysis, electrocoagulation, crystallization, and hybrid processes evaluating each technique’s efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact. Particular attention is given to innovative approaches and emerging technologies that promise enhanced performance and sustainability. We also highlight the necessity of balancing these factors to select the most appropriate method for specific industrial applications. Looking ahead, the chapter offers perspectives on future research directions. This chapter thus serves as an essential resource to comprehend and tackle the intricacies of fluoride extraction and recovery in industrial effluents. |